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CAT 2025 Lesson : Jumbled Paragraphs - Ending Sentence
1.2 Identifying the ending sentence
An ending sentence will conclude what has already been mentioned. It might underline the arguments of the author, or conclude any findings or data mentioned. Establishing the last sentence does not help in finding the author's key message or the correct sequence as well as identifying the first one does. However, this helps in eliminating options which do not end with the identified last sentence.For instance,
The expression of hostility can be damaging to a newly forming work relationship. Hostility naturally invokes feelings of threat and erodes feelings of psychological safety in a given context. A single episode of yelling hostilely at an employee might be forgiven. However, if it is a common occurrence, that employee may start to feel that the supervisor has a lack of respect and empathy, and that they have a poor work relationship with that leader. Indeed, there is previous research indicating that the expression of hostility is damaging to relationships.
The last sentence in this paragraph reinforces the dangers of expressing hostility.
Example 7
Read the following statements and arrange the four statements in a logical sequence.
A. Such encoded qubits are commonly based on arrays of many physical qubits, but can also be realized using a single higher-dimensional quantum system, such as a harmonic oscillator.
B. The stable operation of quantum computers will rely on error correction, in which single quantum bits (qubits) of information are stored redundantly in the Hilbert space of a larger system.
C. In such a system, a powerful encoding has been devised based on periodically spaced superpositions of position eigenstates.
D. Various proposals have been made for realizing approximations to such states, but these have thus far remained out of reach.
(1) BADC (2) BACD (3) CBAD (4) CDBA
We can also infer that statement D is a conclusive statement, concluding that the envisaged solution cannot be realised as of now. Therefore, it is likely to be the last sentence.
Note that option (2) is the only choice beginning with B and ending with D. Let us consider the sequence.
Statement B introduces the topic, and is followed by statement A which explains the mechanism of these qubits. Statement C then introduces the encoding of the system for error correction (how to use the redundant qubits to ensure that the computer uses accurate information). Statement D concludes by explaining that this has not been realised or performed as yet.
Therefore, option (2) – BACD – is the correct choice.
Answer: (2) BACD
A. Such encoded qubits are commonly based on arrays of many physical qubits, but can also be realized using a single higher-dimensional quantum system, such as a harmonic oscillator.
B. The stable operation of quantum computers will rely on error correction, in which single quantum bits (qubits) of information are stored redundantly in the Hilbert space of a larger system.
C. In such a system, a powerful encoding has been devised based on periodically spaced superpositions of position eigenstates.
D. Various proposals have been made for realizing approximations to such states, but these have thus far remained out of reach.
(1) BADC (2) BACD (3) CBAD (4) CDBA
Solution
This paragraph explains the current challenges in operating stable quantum computers and the solutions being tried out. Statement B introduces the solution, explaining that quantum computers are inherently unstable and hence, require the same information to be stored multiple times to correct any errors occurring because of instability.We can also infer that statement D is a conclusive statement, concluding that the envisaged solution cannot be realised as of now. Therefore, it is likely to be the last sentence.
Note that option (2) is the only choice beginning with B and ending with D. Let us consider the sequence.
Statement B introduces the topic, and is followed by statement A which explains the mechanism of these qubits. Statement C then introduces the encoding of the system for error correction (how to use the redundant qubits to ensure that the computer uses accurate information). Statement D concludes by explaining that this has not been realised or performed as yet.
Therefore, option (2) – BACD – is the correct choice.
Answer: (2) BACD
Example 8
Read the following statements and arrange the four statements in a logical sequence.
1. The French Revolution was a watershed event in modern European history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte.
2. The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette.
3. Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the French Revolution played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people.
4. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system.
Statement 4 should follow statement 1, as it explains what happened during the French Revolution. Statement 2 then provides a reason for the occurrences described in statement 4 (uprooting the centuries-old monarchy system, i.e., the upheaval).
Statement 3 then provides a conclusion – the impact of the French Revolution. Therefore, 1423 is the correct sequence.
Answer: 1423
1. The French Revolution was a watershed event in modern European history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte.
2. The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette.
3. Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the French Revolution played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people.
4. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system.
Solution
In this paragraph, we can infer that statement 1 introduces the topic (the French Revolution) with a hypothesis and statement 3 provides a conclusion (the impact of the revolution).Statement 4 should follow statement 1, as it explains what happened during the French Revolution. Statement 2 then provides a reason for the occurrences described in statement 4 (uprooting the centuries-old monarchy system, i.e., the upheaval).
Statement 3 then provides a conclusion – the impact of the French Revolution. Therefore, 1423 is the correct sequence.
Answer: 1423
Example 9
The FIRST and the LAST sentences of the paragraph are numbered 1 & 6. The others, labelled A, B, C and D are jumbled. Which of the following combinations given in the options below is the most logically ordered?
1. America has voluntarily ceded its intellectual arbitrage to China by opening the U.S. up for total download without even attempting to return the favour.
A. Chinese investors, students, government officials, and corporations have mapped every inch of America.
B. But this situation is not actually due to protectionism by the Chinese state.
C. Information flows abundantly and freely eastward. Little returns west.
D. The same cannot be said for Americans.
6. Rather, the Americans have voluntarily chosen isolation.
(1) ADBC (2) BACD (3) CADB (4) CBAD
Note the usage of rather in statement 6 – we can infer that the sentence immediately before this should be something opposite to it in meaning (to statement 6). The only such sentence is statement B, which talks about Chinese protectionism preventing Americans from understanding China. The sequence B6 is also logical as we read it.
Note that at this point, we can immediately select option (3), but let us continue our reasoning. We can also infer that AD is a sequence, as statement A tells us how the Chinese have understood America, and statement D tells that the Americans have not done the reverse. We can also infer that this is the situation or occurrence whose reason is being explained by B6. Therefore, we have established ADB6, and therefore, 1CADB6 as the correct sequence.
The sequence 1C is also logical as statement C elaborates on the hypothesis in statement 1. AD follows statement C, explaining the issue in detail, followed by the reason being explained in B6.
Therefore, option (3) – CADB – is the correct choice.
Answer: (3) CADB
1. America has voluntarily ceded its intellectual arbitrage to China by opening the U.S. up for total download without even attempting to return the favour.
A. Chinese investors, students, government officials, and corporations have mapped every inch of America.
B. But this situation is not actually due to protectionism by the Chinese state.
C. Information flows abundantly and freely eastward. Little returns west.
D. The same cannot be said for Americans.
6. Rather, the Americans have voluntarily chosen isolation.
(1) ADBC (2) BACD (3) CADB (4) CBAD
Solution
In the first sentence, the author tells us that America has permitted China to understand America, but Americans have not tried to understand China. The last sentence explains that Americans have done so voluntarily. Therefore, we must find a sequence which strengthens the author's premise as mentioned in statement 1.Note the usage of rather in statement 6 – we can infer that the sentence immediately before this should be something opposite to it in meaning (to statement 6). The only such sentence is statement B, which talks about Chinese protectionism preventing Americans from understanding China. The sequence B6 is also logical as we read it.
Note that at this point, we can immediately select option (3), but let us continue our reasoning. We can also infer that AD is a sequence, as statement A tells us how the Chinese have understood America, and statement D tells that the Americans have not done the reverse. We can also infer that this is the situation or occurrence whose reason is being explained by B6. Therefore, we have established ADB6, and therefore, 1CADB6 as the correct sequence.
The sequence 1C is also logical as statement C elaborates on the hypothesis in statement 1. AD follows statement C, explaining the issue in detail, followed by the reason being explained in B6.
Therefore, option (3) – CADB – is the correct choice.
Answer: (3) CADB
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