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CAT 2025 Lesson : Verbal: Jul '25 to Aug '25 - Sentence Structure Basics - 09 Jul 2025
Function of Sentences
For the following sentences, choose the function of the sentence from:
A. Introduction
B. Effect
C. Advantage
D. Disadvantage
E. Logical Argument
F. Data-driven Argument
G. Conclusion
1. The coral reefs have turned ghostly white, leaving countless marine species without shelter or food.
2. Ultimately, while automation may boost efficiency, its ethical deployment will depend on how we balance innovation with human well-being.
3. Unlike traditional batteries, solid-state versions charge faster and are far less prone to overheating.
4. Students from low-income households often lack reliable internet access, making remote learning tougher.
5. According to a 2023 WHO report, nearly 42% of urban adults worldwide do not meet the minimum recommended physical activity levels.
6. In recent years, urban noise pollution has emerged as a serious yet under-discussed public health issue.
7. From AI-generated art to algorithmic recommendations, digital creativity is reshaping how we experience culture.
8. Finally, the success of climate policy will rest not on lofty goals, but on everyday enforcement and local accountability.
9. While the medication is effective, it often causes drowsiness, making it difficult for patients to drive or work.
10. As a result, the glacier retreated by nearly 400 meters within a single decade, exposing rock that hadn’t seen sunlight in centuries.
11. Throughout history, clothing has served not just as protection but as a marker of identity, status, and power.
12. Electric buses significantly reduce noise and air pollution in densely populated areas.
13. Because the course is self-paced, learners can revisit complex topics without the pressure of fixed deadlines.
14. The change in tax structure forced hundreds of small businesses to shut down or merge, reshaping the local economy.
15. Unfortunately, the reliance on surveillance technology raises serious concerns about privacy and consent.
16. Because memory is reconstructed rather than retrieved like a file, eyewitness accounts are often unreliable.
17. Thus, while the platform may promise connection, its design seems better suited to cultivate performance than genuine intimacy.
18. Since attention spans are limited, presenting key information in the first few seconds of a video dramatically increases viewer retention.
19. Within hours of the outage, ATMs stopped working, grocery stores closed early, and mobile networks became patchy.
20. Few phenomena reveal the intersection of science, politics, and culture as clearly as the debate over vaccine mandates.
Find the first sentence in these sequences:
1. A. The doctor herself documented over 50 new plant varieties during the month-long fieldwork.
B. Several of these orchids had never been photographed or catalogued before.
C. Dr. Asha Verma led the expedition into the Western Ghats to study rare orchid species.
2. A. He often recounts stories of standing for hours in sub-zero temperatures to capture a single shot.
B. David Lin began his career as a wildlife photographer in the Arctic Circle.
C. His photo of a lone polar bear on a melting ice floe was featured on the cover of National Geographic.
3. A. Nalini Desai was among the first to argue that language shapes the way we perceive time.
B. The findings challenged long-standing assumptions in Western linguistics.
C. She drew on data from more than 20 Indigenous languages across five continents.
Find the 2 sentence sequences from the following set of sentences, where each pair is unrelated to the other:
A. A controversial theory in cognitive science suggests that memory is reconstructive, not reproductive.
B. Several independent media collectives have emerged across Eastern Europe in response to tightening press regulations.
C. These often operate through crowdfunding and encrypted channels to avoid government interference.
D. Dozens of early-stage startups in the health-tech sector collapsed within a year of securing seed funding.
E. The uprisings of 2011 reshaped the political landscape of North Africa in unpredictable ways.
F. This challenges the traditional view that memories are stored like static files in the brain.
G. This is now being tested by several Scandinavian supermarket chains.
H. One pioneering institute in northern Sweden has developed algae-based packaging as an alternative to plastic.
I. Those are now seen as both a catalyst for reform and a cautionary tale about fragile transitions.
J. Those were often built around hype rather than viable business models.
Find the two sentence sequences of parallelism in the following sets:
1. A. According to a 2023 Pew survey, over 60% of teenagers reported feeling anxious after using social media.
B. Some schools and parents have begun encouraging "digital fasts" and structured screen-free hours to help teens reclaim focus and emotional balance.
C. A separate study from Stanford found that prolonged scrolling significantly reduced sustained attention spans in adolescents.
2. A. Equally crucial was the political urgency that drove regulators to fast-track clinical trials and approvals.
B. This was made possible by extraordinary levels of international funding and resource allocation.
C. The COVID-19 vaccines were developed and approved at a pace unprecedented in modern medical history.
D. Unlike earlier mRNA research, the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines used lipid nanoparticles to deliver genetic instructions into human cells.
3. A. It also allows prices to adjust dynamically based on supply and demand, creating self-regulating systems.
B. It encourages competition, which in turn drives innovation and product diversity.
C. Free-market capitalism is often championed as the most efficient model for economic organization.
D. However, unregulated markets can also lead to monopolies and income inequality, concentrating power in the hands of a few.
4. A. It disrupted indigenous governance systems and imposed arbitrary borders that continue to spark conflict.
B. While colonialism reshaped global trade and infrastructure, its long-term effects were deeply damaging.
C. But some colonial investments, like railway networks and legal institutions, continue to underpin modern administrative systems.
D. It also extracted wealth and labor from colonies, leaving behind structural economic inequality.
Find the two sentence sequences of Analogies in the following sets:
1. A. In Hong Kong, protestors used laser pointers to confuse facial recognition cameras and obscure their identities.
B. In the last decade, citizens across the globe have found creative ways to push back against increasing state surveillance.
C. Advances in digital technology have made it easier than ever for governments to monitor their citizens, often under the guise of security and efficiency.
D. During the farmers’ protests in India, groups built low-tech signal jammers to disrupt drone surveillance over highway camps.
2. A. Both suffer not from the lack of capacity, but from the sheer volume of demands placed on them simultaneously.
B. The solution in both cases is similar: reducing incoming noise, carving out quiet intervals, and allowing systems — human or digital — the space to recover.
C. Just as a phone bombarded with notifications eventually runs out of battery, a constantly interrupted mind struggles to maintain focus.
3. A. The collapse of Trivanta Corp., once hailed as a model tech employer, began with ignored reports of internal harassment and ended in mass resignations and shareholder lawsuits.
B. Similarly, unchecked misconduct within a company culture can erode trust across an entire industry.
C. Ethical lapses, like a single crack in a dam, may seem small but can cause widespread collapse if ignored.
Find the two sentence sequences with contrast in the following sets:
1. A. In 2021, the city introduced predictive policing software intended to lower crime by allocating patrols based on algorithmic forecasts.
B. However, crime rates remained unchanged across most neighbourhoods.
C. As a result, the software was never rolled out to other regions, and the program was quietly amended the following year.
D. Many believed the policy would reduce crime in the city.
2. A. Many companies adopted productivity apps believing they would streamline workflow and reduce distractions.
B. As a result, some corporates are now exploring alternatives like gamified workflows, deep-focus time blocks, and AI-based task batching to reduce context switching.
C. Neuroscientists argue that once attention is broken, it takes the brain several minutes to regain deep focus, leading to cognitive fatigue over time.
D. Yet studies show that constant notifications from these apps can actually fragment attention and slow progress.
3. A. In response, residents in several towns have staged protests, demanding caps on short-term rentals and restrictions on large-scale resort developments.
B. However, in some remote areas, tourism has driven up food and housing prices, pushing locals to the margins.
C. It’s often assumed that increased tourism always boosts local economies.
D. These tensions suggest that without careful regulation, tourism can just as easily destabilize a region as it can enrich it.
4. A. These overlapping barriers point to the need for more research into context-sensitive solutions that go beyond just distributing devices or improving connectivity.
B. Online education was widely hailed as a tool to democratize access to learning.
C. In multilingual countries like India, the lack of digital content in regional languages has further excluded vast sections of the student population.
D. But in regions with limited internet infrastructure, it has actually widened existing educational gaps.
Solution
1. Effect
2. Conclusion
3. Advantage
4. Logical argument
5. Data-driven argument
6. Introduction
7. Introduction
8. Conclusion
9. Disadvantage
10. Effect
11. Introduction
12. Advantage
13. Advantage
14. Effect
15. Disadvantage
16. Logical argument
17. Conclusion
18. Logical argument
19. Effect
20. Introduction
For the following sentences, choose the function of the sentence from:
A. Introduction
B. Effect
C. Advantage
D. Disadvantage
E. Logical Argument
F. Data-driven Argument
G. Conclusion
1. The coral reefs have turned ghostly white, leaving countless marine species without shelter or food.
2. Ultimately, while automation may boost efficiency, its ethical deployment will depend on how we balance innovation with human well-being.
3. Unlike traditional batteries, solid-state versions charge faster and are far less prone to overheating.
4. Students from low-income households often lack reliable internet access, making remote learning tougher.
5. According to a 2023 WHO report, nearly 42% of urban adults worldwide do not meet the minimum recommended physical activity levels.
6. In recent years, urban noise pollution has emerged as a serious yet under-discussed public health issue.
7. From AI-generated art to algorithmic recommendations, digital creativity is reshaping how we experience culture.
8. Finally, the success of climate policy will rest not on lofty goals, but on everyday enforcement and local accountability.
9. While the medication is effective, it often causes drowsiness, making it difficult for patients to drive or work.
10. As a result, the glacier retreated by nearly 400 meters within a single decade, exposing rock that hadn’t seen sunlight in centuries.
11. Throughout history, clothing has served not just as protection but as a marker of identity, status, and power.
12. Electric buses significantly reduce noise and air pollution in densely populated areas.
13. Because the course is self-paced, learners can revisit complex topics without the pressure of fixed deadlines.
14. The change in tax structure forced hundreds of small businesses to shut down or merge, reshaping the local economy.
15. Unfortunately, the reliance on surveillance technology raises serious concerns about privacy and consent.
16. Because memory is reconstructed rather than retrieved like a file, eyewitness accounts are often unreliable.
17. Thus, while the platform may promise connection, its design seems better suited to cultivate performance than genuine intimacy.
18. Since attention spans are limited, presenting key information in the first few seconds of a video dramatically increases viewer retention.
19. Within hours of the outage, ATMs stopped working, grocery stores closed early, and mobile networks became patchy.
20. Few phenomena reveal the intersection of science, politics, and culture as clearly as the debate over vaccine mandates.
Find the first sentence in these sequences:
1. A. The doctor herself documented over 50 new plant varieties during the month-long fieldwork.
B. Several of these orchids had never been photographed or catalogued before.
C. Dr. Asha Verma led the expedition into the Western Ghats to study rare orchid species.
2. A. He often recounts stories of standing for hours in sub-zero temperatures to capture a single shot.
B. David Lin began his career as a wildlife photographer in the Arctic Circle.
C. His photo of a lone polar bear on a melting ice floe was featured on the cover of National Geographic.
3. A. Nalini Desai was among the first to argue that language shapes the way we perceive time.
B. The findings challenged long-standing assumptions in Western linguistics.
C. She drew on data from more than 20 Indigenous languages across five continents.
Find the 2 sentence sequences from the following set of sentences, where each pair is unrelated to the other:
A. A controversial theory in cognitive science suggests that memory is reconstructive, not reproductive.
B. Several independent media collectives have emerged across Eastern Europe in response to tightening press regulations.
C. These often operate through crowdfunding and encrypted channels to avoid government interference.
D. Dozens of early-stage startups in the health-tech sector collapsed within a year of securing seed funding.
E. The uprisings of 2011 reshaped the political landscape of North Africa in unpredictable ways.
F. This challenges the traditional view that memories are stored like static files in the brain.
G. This is now being tested by several Scandinavian supermarket chains.
H. One pioneering institute in northern Sweden has developed algae-based packaging as an alternative to plastic.
I. Those are now seen as both a catalyst for reform and a cautionary tale about fragile transitions.
J. Those were often built around hype rather than viable business models.
Find the two sentence sequences of parallelism in the following sets:
1. A. According to a 2023 Pew survey, over 60% of teenagers reported feeling anxious after using social media.
B. Some schools and parents have begun encouraging "digital fasts" and structured screen-free hours to help teens reclaim focus and emotional balance.
C. A separate study from Stanford found that prolonged scrolling significantly reduced sustained attention spans in adolescents.
2. A. Equally crucial was the political urgency that drove regulators to fast-track clinical trials and approvals.
B. This was made possible by extraordinary levels of international funding and resource allocation.
C. The COVID-19 vaccines were developed and approved at a pace unprecedented in modern medical history.
D. Unlike earlier mRNA research, the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines used lipid nanoparticles to deliver genetic instructions into human cells.
3. A. It also allows prices to adjust dynamically based on supply and demand, creating self-regulating systems.
B. It encourages competition, which in turn drives innovation and product diversity.
C. Free-market capitalism is often championed as the most efficient model for economic organization.
D. However, unregulated markets can also lead to monopolies and income inequality, concentrating power in the hands of a few.
4. A. It disrupted indigenous governance systems and imposed arbitrary borders that continue to spark conflict.
B. While colonialism reshaped global trade and infrastructure, its long-term effects were deeply damaging.
C. But some colonial investments, like railway networks and legal institutions, continue to underpin modern administrative systems.
D. It also extracted wealth and labor from colonies, leaving behind structural economic inequality.
Find the two sentence sequences of Analogies in the following sets:
1. A. In Hong Kong, protestors used laser pointers to confuse facial recognition cameras and obscure their identities.
B. In the last decade, citizens across the globe have found creative ways to push back against increasing state surveillance.
C. Advances in digital technology have made it easier than ever for governments to monitor their citizens, often under the guise of security and efficiency.
D. During the farmers’ protests in India, groups built low-tech signal jammers to disrupt drone surveillance over highway camps.
2. A. Both suffer not from the lack of capacity, but from the sheer volume of demands placed on them simultaneously.
B. The solution in both cases is similar: reducing incoming noise, carving out quiet intervals, and allowing systems — human or digital — the space to recover.
C. Just as a phone bombarded with notifications eventually runs out of battery, a constantly interrupted mind struggles to maintain focus.
3. A. The collapse of Trivanta Corp., once hailed as a model tech employer, began with ignored reports of internal harassment and ended in mass resignations and shareholder lawsuits.
B. Similarly, unchecked misconduct within a company culture can erode trust across an entire industry.
C. Ethical lapses, like a single crack in a dam, may seem small but can cause widespread collapse if ignored.
Find the two sentence sequences with contrast in the following sets:
1. A. In 2021, the city introduced predictive policing software intended to lower crime by allocating patrols based on algorithmic forecasts.
B. However, crime rates remained unchanged across most neighbourhoods.
C. As a result, the software was never rolled out to other regions, and the program was quietly amended the following year.
D. Many believed the policy would reduce crime in the city.
2. A. Many companies adopted productivity apps believing they would streamline workflow and reduce distractions.
B. As a result, some corporates are now exploring alternatives like gamified workflows, deep-focus time blocks, and AI-based task batching to reduce context switching.
C. Neuroscientists argue that once attention is broken, it takes the brain several minutes to regain deep focus, leading to cognitive fatigue over time.
D. Yet studies show that constant notifications from these apps can actually fragment attention and slow progress.
3. A. In response, residents in several towns have staged protests, demanding caps on short-term rentals and restrictions on large-scale resort developments.
B. However, in some remote areas, tourism has driven up food and housing prices, pushing locals to the margins.
C. It’s often assumed that increased tourism always boosts local economies.
D. These tensions suggest that without careful regulation, tourism can just as easily destabilize a region as it can enrich it.
4. A. These overlapping barriers point to the need for more research into context-sensitive solutions that go beyond just distributing devices or improving connectivity.
B. Online education was widely hailed as a tool to democratize access to learning.
C. In multilingual countries like India, the lack of digital content in regional languages has further excluded vast sections of the student population.
D. But in regions with limited internet infrastructure, it has actually widened existing educational gaps.
Solution
1. Effect
2. Conclusion
3. Advantage
4. Logical argument
5. Data-driven argument
6. Introduction
7. Introduction
8. Conclusion
9. Disadvantage
10. Effect
11. Introduction
12. Advantage
13. Advantage
14. Effect
15. Disadvantage
16. Logical argument
17. Conclusion
18. Logical argument
19. Effect
20. Introduction
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