1. This question contains a paragraph followed by alternative summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the paragraph.
A linguistic revamp is currently happening with the term “yap” and all of its derivatives. Even Beyoncé uses the word on her new album Cowboy Carter: “When they know it’s slappin’, then here come the yappin’.” According to TikTok and X, you’re no longer an annoying person who talks too much, you’re simply a yapper. According to Merriam-Webster, to yap is “to talk in a shrill insistent way” — the human conversational equivalent of a hairless Chihuahua’s bark. But right now, the ability to yap is actually a compliment. The cutesy noun iteration (“yapper”) is a label to reclaim proudly and find your online community of other people who struggle to know when to shut the heck up.
(1) The term 'yap' is being redefined normatively, exemplified by Beyoncé's usage in her new album, signaling a linguistic transformation.
(2) The term 'yap' and its derivatives are undergoing a linguistic shift, with 'yapper' now being used positively to describe someone who talks a lot.
(3) While previously ‘yapping’ was considered something to be looked down upon, now aided by TikTok and Beyonce’s new album, it’s now becoming the hot new trend.
(4) "Beyoncé's inclusion of 'yap' in her album reflects a linguistic shift where 'yapper' is now a positive label for those who talk a lot in an annoying manner.
2. This question contains a paragraph followed by alternative summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the paragraph.
Many species of birds exhibit remarkable spatial memory, allowing them to navigate vast distances and remember the locations of thousands of food caches. For example, the Clark’s nutcracker can recall the placement of over 30,000 seeds months after hiding them. Similarly, pigeons have been shown to use visual landmarks and even the Earth’s magnetic field to chart complex routes. Some birds also display an understanding of object permanence and rudimentary problem-solving skills, suggesting cognitive processes once thought to be uniquely human.
(1) Many birds can travel long distances due to their memory of locations, navigational skills, and ability to remember where they stored food.
(2) Birds possess higher problem-solving intelligence than humans, as seen in their use of memory and understanding of complex concepts.
(3) Birds’ cognitive skills such as memory and emotion can be attributed to structural similarities in their brains with those of humans.
(4) Birds are known for their beautiful plumage and migratory habits, and some have also been trained to solve problems.
3. This question contains a paragraph followed by alternative summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the paragraph.
For a time, streamers specialized: There was your horror movie service, your classics subscription, your kids-focused offering and so on. But now, the heavy hitters try to appeal to a wide swath of potential viewers, and sports hit multiple demographic segments like few other properties. That’s especially true as blockbuster movies have become much less of a sure thing. The 75 million price tag Netflix is paying per NFL game is roughly equivalent to the cost of a single midsized movie on the service. Christmas flick out, Patrick Mahomes in. By the same token, sports fans are generally followers for life. While people often cycle through their preferred type of TV show, athletic allegiances stick around. As streamers put an emphasis on retaining their current customers, that type of loyalty is invaluable.
(1) Online streaming services have become less diverse because of the switch to streaming more sports shows than movies.
(2) While in the past, streaming services offered a variety of content and genres to choose from, nowadays streaming live games is becoming a trend.
(3) Online streaming services are shifting to sports streaming to retain long-term customers instead of investing heavily in movies alone.
(4) Streamers have become unspealised by investing in more than just movies and kids-focused shows.
4. This question contains a paragraph followed by alternative summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the paragraph.
The healthcare sector has undergone a significant transformation with the rise of digital technologies. Telemedicine has expanded access to care, enabling patients to consult doctors from remote locations. Wearable devices now allow individuals to monitor vital signs in real time, promoting preventive care and early intervention. Electronic health records have streamlined data sharing among providers, enhancing coordination and reducing redundancies. AI tools assist in diagnostics, flagging patterns that might elude even trained specialists. These innovations have collectively empowered patients and made healthcare more efficient. However, the increasing reliance on digital platforms has also raised concerns about data privacy and equitable access for those without reliable internet connectivity.
(1) Digital technologies have revolutionized healthcare, making it more efficient, accessible, and patient-centred through innovations like wearables and AI-based diagnostics.
(2) While issues persist, technology has transformed healthcare by improving access, enabling monitoring early intervention and supporting diagnostics.
(3) The shift to digital healthcare has led to serious problems, such as unequal access and patient data being compromised, with little improvement in care delivery.
(4) Companies using digital health platforms have been found to sell patient data, raising ethical concerns about the very foundations of telemedicine.
5. The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
Sexism comes in many different forms, including blatant, covert, and subtle sexism. Blatant sexism is defined as obviously unequal and unfair treatment of women relative to men, whereas covert sexism is defined as unequaland unfair treatment of women that is recognized but purposefully hidden from view. Both blatant and covert sexism are intended, but only covert sexism is hidden. In comparison to these two forms, subtle sexism represents unequal and unfair treatment of women that is not recognized by many people because it is perceived to be normative, and therefore does not appear unusual. Thus, like covert sexism, subtle sexism is hidden but unlike covert sexism, subtle sexism is not intentionally harmful. Subtle sexism is particularly interesting from both theoretical and practical perspectives because it may be quite prevalent, and may have an insidious impact on its victims.
(1) There are various type of overt and covert sexism that exists in many spaces, of which subtle sexism is the most insidious.
(2) Covert sexism and subtle sexism are both similar in terms of how they operate but differ when it comes to intent.
(3) Sexism comes is three different forms; blatant, covert and subtle, but blatant sexism is usually hard to miss.
(4) Subtle sexism differs from other types of sexism, particularly covert sexism in terms of intentionality though it can also be widespread and harmful for its victims.
6. The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
Before World War I, globalization was at a high point. Advances in technology, including the steamship and the telegraph, allowed people, goods and news to cross borders with extraordinary speed. Migration boomed. The economist John Maynard Keynes, conjuring an Edwardian version of Amazon in London. After drinking his tea (from India), sweetened by sugar (from Jamaica), a Londoner might later enjoy toast (made from wheat grown in Kansas), butter (from New Zealand), beef (from Argentina) and oranges (from Palestine). Many people believed that this kind of internationalism was irreversible and that the interdependence of the global economy would guarantee peace and prosperity, even if it was also unsettling.
(1) Many believed that global economic interdependence would guarantee peace and prosperity, even though settlements were shifted.
(2) Globalization boomed before World War I due to technology but was restricted by migration.
(3) The life of a Londoner before the World Wars reflected the benefits of globalization, with food and goods arriving across continents.
(4) Globalisation seemed inevitable before the World Wars because migration, shipping and communication had lead to a globalisation boom.
7. The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
It was once common, in Western societies at least, to think of plants as the passive, inert background to animal life, or as mere animal fodder. Plants could be fascinating in their own right, of course, but they lacked much of what made animals and humans interesting, such as agency, intelligence, cognition, intention, consciousness, decision-making, self-identification, sociality and altruism. However, groundbreaking developments in the plant sciences since the end of the previous century have blown that view out of the water. We are just beginning to glimpse the extraordinary complexity and subtlety of plants’ relations with their environment, with each other and with other living beings. We owe these radical developments in our understanding of plants to one area of study in particular: the study of plant behavior.
(1) Even if plants can be characterized as uninteresting, this does not prove that they don’t have a richly complex relationship with their environment.
(2) Recent plant science advancements have revealed the complex behaviour of plants, challenging the traditional view of them as passive and uninteresting.
(3) Recent groundbreaking developments in science have revealed the inner worlds of plants and the complexities of their behaviour patterns.
(4) The end of the previous century saw advancements in science that have challenged the view that plants are uninteresting when compared to humans.
8. The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
[CAT 2023, Slot 3]
The weight of society's expectations is hardly a new phenomenon but it has become particularly draining over recent decades, perhaps because expectations themselves are so multifarious and contradictory. The perfectionism of the 1950s was rooted in the norms of mass culture and captured in famous advertising images of the ideal white American family that now seem self-satirising. In that era, perfectionism meant seamlessly conforming to values, behaviour and appearance: chiselled confidence for men, demure graciousness for women. The perfectionist was under pressure to look like everyone else, only more so. The perfectionists of today, by contrast, feel an obligation to stand out through their idiosyncratic style and wit if they are to gain a foothold in the attention economy.
(1) Though long-standing, the pressure to appear perfect and thereby attract attention, has evolved over time from one of conformism to one of non-conformism.
(2) The pressure to appear perfect has been the cause of tension and conflict because the idea itself has been in a state of flux and hard to define.
(3) The desire to attract attention is so deep-rooted in individual consciousness that people are willing to go to any lengths to achieve it.
(4) The image of perfectionism is reflected in and perpetuated by the media; and people do their best to adhere to these ideals.
9. The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
[CAT 2024 Slot 1]
Cartographers design and create maps to communicate information about phenomena located somewhere on our planet. In the past, cartographers did not worry too much about who was going to read their maps. Although some simple “usability” research was done—like comparing whether circle or bar symbols worked best—cartographers knew how to make maps. This has changed now, however, due to all kinds of societal and technological developments. Today, map readers are more demanding—mostly because of the tools they use to read maps. Cartographers, who are also influenced by these trends, are now more interested in seeing if their products are efficient, effective, and appreciated.
(1) Maps are being used for a variety of reasons and therefore map readers have become more demanding.
(2) Modern mapmakers evaluate a map’s effectiveness efficiency and satisfaction of the user through a series of experiments.
(3) New technological developments have prompted cartographers to experiment with their maps by applying these new innovations.
(4) Today, cartographers also need to look into the usability of maps because of the new technological developments.
10. The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
[CAT 2024 Slot 2]
Different from individuals, states conduct warfare operations using the DIME model— “diplomacy, information, military, and economics.” Most states do everything they can to inflict pain and confusion on their enemies before deploying the military. In fact, attacks on vectors of information are a well-worn tactic of war and usually are the first target when the charge begins. It’s common for telecom data and communications networks to be routinely monitored by governments, which is why the open data policies of the web are so concerning to many advocates of privacy and human rights. With the worldwide adoption of social media, more governments are getting involved in low-grade information warfare through the use of cyber troops. According to a study by the Oxford Internet Institute in 2020, cyber troops are “government or political party actors tasked with manipulating public opinion online.” The Oxford research group was able to identify 81 countries with active cyber troop operations utilizing many different strategies to spread false information, including spending millions on online advertising.
(1) Following the DIME model, many governments have taken advantage of open data policies of the web to deploy cyber troops who manipulate domestic public opinion, using advertising and other strategies to spread false information.
(2) As part of conducting information warfare as per the DIME model, many governments routinely monitor telecom data and communications networks, and use cyber troops on social media to manipulate public opinion.
(3) Using the DIME model, together with military operations, many governments simultaneously conduct information warfare with the help of cyber troops and routinely monitor telecom data and communications networks.
(4) Governments primarily use the DIME model to deploy cyber troops who practise low-grade information warfare, seeking to manipulate public opinion with the objective of inflicting pain and confusion on their enemies.
solutions:
1) 2
2) 1
3) 3
4) 2
5) 4
6) 4
7) 2
8) 1
9) 4
10) 2
Back
